the Cinca, and are defeated at Guisona-Passage of the Ebro and junc-

tion with Cabrera-Account of Cabrera-Battle of Chiva-Expedition

of Zariategui-Capture of Segovia-Carlists within five leagues of

Madrid-Retreat of Zariategui-Operations of Carlos-Buerens and

Oraa-Christinos defeated at Herrera-Advance of Carlos to the gates

of Madrid-Retreat of Carlists-Cabrera separates from Carlos, and

returns to Arragon-Carlists in Valladolid-Junction of Carlos and

Zariategui-Combat of Retuerta-Carlists fall back on Navarre-Carlos

at Durango-Cabrera and Oraa-General Evans leaves Spain-Le-

gion dissolved and remodelled - Military Insurrections at Hernani,

Miranda, and Pampeluna-Murder of Sarsfield-Carlists take Pene-

cerrada-Rout of Andoain - British Legion broken up - Espartero

punishes Mutineers of Miranda and Pampeluna-Cuba-Cortes-Ge-

neral Narvaez-Mendizabal-Insurrection at Barcelona-Discussions in

Cortes on new Constitution-Constitution adopted-Queen takes the

Oath-Amnesty-Suppression of Convents-Suspension of Diplomatic

Relations with Sardinia-Calatrava Administration resigns-Mutinous

conduct of Officers-General Seaone and the Guards-Bill for Clergy

Reform-New Ministry-M. Pita Pizarro-Further Cabinet changes-

M. Bardaji's Administration-Quicksilver contract-Elections-Sena-

tors-Cortes dissolved-Meeting of New Cortes-Queen's Speech and

unpopularity-Resignation of Ministers-Ofalia Cabinet-Ceuta in-

vested by the Moors

CHAPTER XVII.

[290

PORTUGAL.-Expectations of an Insurrection-New Tariff--Meeting of

the Cortes-Discussion on the Eligibility of the Ministers-Queen's

Speech-Unpopularity of the English in Portugal-Claims of British

Auxiliary Troops-Budget-Debates in the Cortes - Resignation of

Ministers-Difficulties in forming an Administration-New Cabinet -

National Guards-Queen Enceinte-Financial Difficulties-Prince Fer-

dinand's Unpopularity -Remechido-Guerillas-Military Insurrection

in favour of the Charter-Measures of Government-Resignation of

Ministers-Progress of Insurrection-Saldanha-Bom Fin-New Ca-

binet-Duke of Terceira joins Insurgents-New Ministers resign-

Provisional Regency-Advance of Chartists---Baron das Antas-Sus-

pension and Renewal of Hostilities-Accouchement of the Queen-De-

feat of Chartists by Das Antas-Convention-New Cabinet-Alterations

in the Constitution-Senate-HANOVER.-Accession of King Ernest-

Letters Patent announcing the King's Intention to abrogate the Existing

Constitution-Early History of Hanover-Constitutions of 1819 and

1833-Letters Patent abolishing the latter---Protest of the Seven Pro-

fessors - The Chambers of BADEN, BAVARIA, and SaXONY Protest

against the Abolition of the Hanoverian Constitution-PRUSSIA-

Cholera-Death of Ancillon the Foreign Minister-Commercial Treaty

with Holland-Policy in POSEN-Religious Differences - Archbishop of

Cologne

CHAPTER XVIII.

[321

AUSTRIA-Spirit of Reform in Hungary-Resolution of the Germanic Diet

respecting the Surrender of Political Offenders-Cracow-HOLLAND-

Opening of the Session-King's Speech-Death of the Queen-Budget

-Treaty with Great Britain-BELGIUM-SWITZERLAND-Insurrection
in the Canton of Berne-Meeting of the Diet-President's Speech-

Revision of the Federal Constitution-Census-Expenditure-Close of

Session-Re-organization of the Military System-Currency-Religious

Dissensions-Louis Bonaparte-ITALY SICILY-Ravages of the Cho-

lera-NORWAY - Differences between the King and the Norwegian

People-Reply of the King to the Address of the Storthing-Death of

the deposed King of Sweden-GREECE-Establishment of Departmental

Councils-Law Reform-Return of the King-Dismissal of Count

Armansperg-Appointment of M. Rudhart to the Head of Affairs-

Diplomatic Differences-Emiglio Usigli-Sir Edward Lyons and M.

Rudhart-Restoration of the City of Athens-RUSSIA-Circassian War

-General Williamineff's Correspondence with the Circassians-Capture

of the Vixen-Emperor's Tour in his Southern Dominions-Russian

National Debt-TURKEY-School of Anatomy opened-Improvement

in the Administration of Mercantile Law-Curdish War-Sultan visits

Silistria and other parts of his Dominions-Cabinet changes-Vassaff

Effendi disgraced-Perteff Pacha removed from Office-Redschid Pacha

-Moldavia-Wallachia, and Servia

CHAPTER XIX.

[347

UNITED STATES-Mercantile Embarrassments-Differences with Mexico

-Texas-Reports of Committee on Foreign Relations-Protest of

Mexican Government-General Jackson and the United States Bank-

Memorial of the Bank-Mr. Adams and the Anti-Abolition Petition-

General Jackson's valedictory Address-Mr. Van Buren's inaugural

Address-Parties in the United States-Commercial Crisis-Suspension

of Specie Payments --Extraordinary meeting of Congress-President's

message-Proceedings of extraordinary Session-Convention of Dele-

gates from the Banks-Indian War-Meeting of Congress-President's

Annual Message-MEXICO-Affair of Texas-Entrance of Texian Ter-

ritory by the United States Troops-Santa Anna at Washington-his

return to Mexico-Bustamente-Preparations to invade Texas-Finance

PERU-BOLIVIA and CHILI--Formation of the Peru-Bolivian Confedera-

tion-War with Chili and Buenos Ayres-Murder of Portalis in Chili-

Peru-Bolivian Constitution-NEW GRANADA-Affair of Mr. Russell-

Santander retires from the Presidency-New President-Venezuela-

Finance-General Paez-BUENOS AYRES-Finance-BANDA-ORIENTAL

Rivera-BRAZIL-Resignation of the Regent-New Administration-

Revolt at Bahia-Independence of Rio Grande

CHAPTER XX.

[362

State of Parties-Municipal Elections-Subscription for the Support of

Irish Election Contest-City Banquet to the Queen-Opening of the

New Parliament-Her Majesty's Speech-Address, moved in the Lords

by the Duke of Sussex-Debate on the Address in the Commons-Mr.

Wakley moves an Amendment-It is seconded by Sir William Moles-

worth-Lord John Russell's Reply-Speech of Sir Robert Peel-The

Amendment is rejected-Mr. Harvey's Amendment relating to the Civil

List-It is withdrawn-The Report on the Address-Discontent ex-

pressed by the Radical Party at the Language-Speeches of Mr. Leader

and Mr. Charles Buller-Lord John Russell's Vindication of the Minis-

terial Policy-Civil List-Mr. Spring Rice moves for a Committee on

the subject-Statement of the Government Plan-Mr. Harvey's Amend,

ment with respect to the Pension List-The Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer moves for a Committee on the Subject-Opposed by Sir Robert
Peel, who moves an Amendment-Speeches of Mr. Harvey, Lord
Stanley, and Lord John Russell--The Amendment is rejected-Omis-
sion of Mr. Harvey's Name on the Committee-Discussion on the
Subject-Sir George Sinclair's Motion for the Insertion of Mr. Harvey's
Name is rejected-Royal Message respecting the Annuity for the
Duchess of Kent-Third Reading of the Civil List Bill-Mr. Grote's
Amendment on the Subject of Pensions-It is rejected-The Amend.
ment of Sir Robert Peel on the same Subject is carried-Introduction
of the Bill into the House of Lords-Speech of Lord Brougham -The
Bill is passed-Intelligence from Canada-Discussion on the subject in
the House of Commons-Speeches of the Radical Members on behalf
of the Canadians-Adjournment of the House

385

Straw, and Butchers Meat 251

Bills of Mortality-Bank-

rupts-Meteorological Table 252

General Remarks on the state of Parties at the commencement of the present Year-Effects of the Reform Bill-Real Origin of that Measure-Different Characters of the first and second Parliaments assembled under the new system-Grounds of that difference-Short Ministry of Sir Robert Peel, and its consequences in the relative position of Parties-Dependence of the Whig Administration in its support of Mr. O'Connell-Division between the Houses of Lords and Commons-Practicability of a Coalition of Parties consideredGeneral Prospects of the Country-State of Foreign PoliticsProbable duration of Peace-Public meetings throughout the Country -Meeting at Bath-Speeches of Mr. Roebuck, Mr. Leader, Sir W. Molesworth - Whig Banquet at Drury Lane; Speeches of Mr. Byng, Mr. Hume, and Mr. Grote-Lord Morpeth's Speech at Leeds -Protestant and Conservative agitation-Peel Festival at Glasgow.

T

HE situation of parties in England at the commencement of the present year presented precisely the same aspect that it had done during the two preceding ones, and the mere continuance of this state of things may be thought to justify a few preliminary reVOL. LXXIX.

marks on the circumstances that have brought it about.

The interval, short as it is, since the passing of the Reform bill in 1832, has thrown a stronger light upon the tendencies of the measure than mere abstract speculation, however acute and compre[B]